Relevancy of Artificial Intelligence in the Age of Humanity Sample

Questions: 1.What is Artificial Intelligence2.To investigate the Positive Negative factors that will influence Humanity after the Adoption of Artificial Intelligence. Answers: Presentation The substitution of the people by the man-made reasoning is one of the significant worries in the current age. The man-made consciousness has assumed control over the circles of current world and it is commanding the different parts. The utilization of machines and the reducing of the utilization of human work have influenced the world economy. This circumstance as antagonistically influenced the work environment activities (Ritchie et al., 2013). Survey it from other point of view, the rise of the man-made consciousness weapons has slowed down the overflow of the human feelings. In this, the compassionate age achieves an inquisitive parameter. This examination hypothesizes the importance of computerized reasoning from the viewpoint of mankind (Bryman, 2015). The self-assertive meeting between two individuals from the instruction and designing division will be examined however before that a concise meeting of conversation on the effect of this wonder will be clarified with regards to social issues. Conversation In this piece of the exposition a short meeting will be led on clarifying the issues of man-made brainpower and its consequences for humankind and different fields that it has had an effect on. From the start, the possibility of computerized reasoning and its significance must be examined. 1.Artificial Intelligence Man-made consciousness is an ongoing idea that has assumed control over the advanced world and its occupants. It is really something that is administered or ruled by the machines. The utilization of machines has become an extremely basic characteristic in the ongoing years. As we probably am aware, the individuals have gotten busier than previously and they have next to no opportunity to do their own works by applying exertion. They will in general locate some elective medium that would assist them with doing their works in shorter measure of time and with a lesser exertion (Denscombe, 2014). The machines are the main medium that could furnish them with those focal points. Science and innovation has progressed so far in this time nothing is by all accounts unthinkable now (Monette, Sullivan DeJong, 2013). Machines have decreased the errands of people and they are accepted to assume control throughout the cutting edge world just as read in the sci-fi articles. It is deciphered that ma chines can play out all the subjective undertakings that people used to do physically. Machines are even at risk to accomplish more undertakings in the given time and all the more quickly (Punch, 2013). The working fields of the Artificial Intelligence are the works done through PCs and mechanized robots. Various Aspects of Artificial Intelligence Man-made reasoning largy affects the cutting edge society. There have been different methods of reasoning on the point that are created to oblige the apparatus gadgets. Everybody realizes that an individual can think and work judiciously. People can think with feelings and work with keeping different things in minds. It was imagined that machines additionally can do similar works in brief period yet they should create feelings and discerning reasoning forces (Frankish Ramsey, 2014). This idea gave the ascent to develop machines with same knowledge level as individuals included. The point behind developing AI is to make master frameworks that can demonstration, illustrate, to make human insight in the machines which would assist the machines with thinking and act like the individuals (Cohen Feigenbaum, 2014). Simulated intelligence is fundamentally a characteristic of science and innovation that incorporates subjects like Computer Science, Psychology, Mathematics, Sociology, Philosophy and Biology. These attributes are engaged with human knowledge, for example, thinking and taking care of issues. There are different uses of AI where one needs to concentrate on. These zones are gaming, common language handling, master frameworks and vision frameworks, discourse acknowledgment, penmanship acknowledgment and making clever robots. Figure name: Artificial Intelligence Source: (Neuman Robson, 2012). 2.Impacts of Artificial Intelligence Effect on employments Man-made brainpower has left a profound and enduring impact on the general public in various perspectives. It might have shed its effect on the work culture however its effect on occupations and business is something of incredible concern (Sarason, 2013). The most striking part of AI is to felt in the loss of occupations and a decent measure of decrease in work segments. The plausible parts that would remember for the decrease of occupations are probably going to be the business benefits that manage works like spotting of client puts together, its impacts on the associations, securing appropriate position profiles for future business, deals and advertising and numerous others. Numerous individuals will lose their positions as there will be no need of people to work the machines in light of the fact that the machines will be naturally determined. A machine can do comparable functions as can be performed by various men. It is smarter to contribute on a machine than different men to get the ideal results. The occupations of the drivers will be influenced too in light of the fact that the new kinds of vehicles and trucks will be created in such a way, that drivers will never again be expected to drive the trucks (Ashrafian, Darzi Athanasiou, 2015). The occupations in assembling organizations, insurance agencies and stock exchanging organizations may likewise confront work decreases. It is exceptionally obvious that presentation of AI will effectsly affect occupations (Banks Zeitlyn, 2015). It is a fascinating issue to take note of that that the effect of the AI won't be just the negative ones. It might have some positive focuses too. The organizations and the associations can ascend to a higher situation after a decent measure of development in view of the quick improvement in different fields. The organizations can utilize certain advancements and actualize them to get quicker outcomes. Effect on Education Evaluating and stepping through examinations on bigger courses and getting ready for the assessments are one of the most significant works of instruction segment (Hovy, Navigli Ponzetto, 2013). These works are commonly done by the instructors. Human exertion is important for this. The ongoing ascent of AI has placed questions over the need of human exertion in reviewing assignments. These things can be performed by the machines while instructors can concentrate more on the in-class exercises and cooperating more with the understudies. Another significant effect of AI can be ramifications of different programming applications in instructive foundations. Understudies can be prepped by introducing the product applications and they can be educated numerous things by reacting to the requirements of the understudy, underlining on certain intense subjects, rehashing the themes that the understudy is yet to adapt appropriately. Artificial intelligence has an additional preferred position of calling attention to the zones where the learning courses ought to improve and the lacking of the understudies. There can be built up some web based mentoring programs that will enable the understudies to comprehend the issues more and tackle them. Backhanded Impact on Military There have been numerous computer games in the past that have demonstrated numerous tasks with weapons to catch a land or making them free for the security of the individuals. This can be transformed into a reality if AI can be executed in the security frameworks of a nation. The military power and the business robots can be blended to attempt different missions. It involves feeling that machines are predominant now and again however in these situations where it requires judgment and information, people just ought to be permitted to battle as the bleeding edge includes vulnerability at each progression. Another significant viewpoint is that military frameworks may will in general consolidate self-governing weapon frameworks in their powers yet it is as yet a worry that if these self-governing weapons can be depended on the off chance that they are shoot weapons. Improvement in Quality of Living The outcomes of an executing AI may have some beneficial outcomes. The robots might be valuable for the home creators. The robots will have the option to do the family works and they can do the works in next to no time. They can without much of a stretch do all the hard errands in the house and the individuals from the house can have some alleviation as they will get some existence for investing more energy in the house with different individuals. They will have the option to lead a superior and solid life. The valid statements of AI will come to impact in these focuses. The home creators don't need to do all the things alone as the machines would do it for them. Various machines would do various undertakings soothing the individuals. In the above focuses different issues have been talked about. On account of effect of Artistic Intelligence, the cons of the issue are talked about the same number of individuals will lose their positions and it will be extremely awful for the humankind. Jobless individuals will fill the planet and there will be serious results in the economy of the huge nations. This may prompt drafts and vagrancy and passings. The presentation of AI in the military framework can likewise end up being deadly as it is still on a trial premise. The security of a nation can't be undermined with anything. There are a few masters also in light of the fact that it will positively affect the instruction framework, helping the understudies to improve their abilities. The way of life will be improved also on the off chance that it is actualized. Meeting Coming up next is an extract from the meeting among understudy and a designer, which breathes life into the significance of man-made reasoning during a time, where humankind is steadily getting out of date (Neuman Robson, 2012). In this section, a nonexistent meeting will be led for an exhaustive comprehension of the whole issue. The two people in the meeting, the architect and the understudy will have a conversation between them about the new things that will be presented in view of the presentation of the Artistic Intelligence. Understudy: Hello sir. Designer: Hello. Understudy: Sir, what's your opinion of the exhibition of people in the

improving UK social relations essays

improving UK social relations papers Will the entry of the Race Relations (Amendment) Act 2000 lead to improved social relations in Britain? The Race Relations (Amendment) Act 2000 is worried about banning segregation on the grounds of race in open life. It expands the Race Relations Act 1976, which was worried about prohibiting racial separation towards people and consequently handling singular wrongs, by stressing the obligation of open bodies to handle institutional bigotry. It was passed in November 2000 and keeping in mind that a portion of its arrangements came into power in April 2001, others didn't produce results until 31st May 2002. In 2003 it seems to have had some achievement, with 66% of open organizations having agreed to the enactment 1. Up 'til now little case law exists. As it develops, it will assist with building up how the courts will respect the activities and implications of the Act by and by. Anyway on the grounds that the Act expands upon prior enactment and is a reaction to the discoveries of the Stephen Lawrence Inquiry, one can make some sensibly insightful speculations about the effect of the A ct on social work and social consideration. Exceptionally compelling to individuals investigating social work and social arrangement are the manners by which the Act joins with social work esteems and social concerns, for example, Howe's (2000) differentiation between 'natural qualities', which are acceptable in themselves, (for example, individual prosperity) and 'instrumental qualities', which are connected to closes, (for example, laws which maintain rights). The Act would thus be able to be viewed as encapsulating the instrumental estimations of racial fairness and of opportunity from racial separation. The Act utilizes more grounded, progressively positive language in requiring open bodies to advance racial correspondence. It subsequently requires bodies, including social work organizations, to incorporate at an institutional level a portion of the qualities that all individuals working in the social consideration segment are required to show at an individual level. There ought to in this manner be no c... <!

MS Project Plan Essay - 1650 Words

MS Project Plan Essay (Essay Sample) Content: Students NameInstructorCourseDateTable of Contents TOC \o "1-3" \h \z \u Abstract PAGEREF _Toc423338343 \h 2Introduction PAGEREF _Toc423338344 \h 2Body of the Report PAGEREF _Toc423338345 \h 4Evaluation PAGEREF _Toc423338346 \h 6Conclusion PAGEREF _Toc423338347 \h 6References PAGEREF _Toc423338348 \h 8AbstractThe purpose of this project is to understand the workings and the function ability of the stated project culminating from the investigated works in the introduction of the official project. The project is intended to understand the exchange systems. The company in question is a company with an affiliation with the use of communication network. Jaxonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s communication is a company dedicated with establishing the necessary communication networks while conclusively understanding the running and establishments.In order to establish the exchange several steps were undertaken and several procedures incorporated in the design. The project took three to four conc lusive steps detailing the technical that needed to be undertake during the project.The designing phase of the system to be changed into required that modular programming be done to ensure that the system was programmed by different teams working concurrently to ensure the project was well established within the designated time.After the conclusion of the establishment of the skills needed, there was the need to continue to the next step of the project, which was the web interface. This is was a very important step because any system must provide for efficient human interaction.IntroductionThe purpose of this project is to understand the workings and the function ability of the stated project culminating from the investigated works in the introduction of the official project. The project is intended to understand the exchange systems. The company in question is a company with an affiliation with the use of communication network. Jaxonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s communication is a company dedicated with establishing the necessary communication networks while conclusively understanding the running and establishments. Regarding the migration to MS Exchange from the corporate email service, various aspects are entailed, which are to ensure efficiency. Furthermore, Jaxonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s Communication is a provider of communication products and services involving technology such as wireless internet, desktop computers, tablets, personal assistance devices, and communication connection equipment. The mission statement of the Jaxonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s Communication enterprise email system is to keep the world connected at the speed of light. The project is purposed with identifying what Jaxonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s communication needs in order to proficiently transition to a new and well established MS exchange system with an MS File sharing capability and for the exchange to be accomplished it requires total evaluation of the exchange systems through the utilization of the waterfall methodology. In order to understand or to establish or transition the company will need to understand the critical steps that need to be taken to profusely escape the possibilities of committing any critical errors. When changing from one system to another, IT experts and engineers must observes specific protocols to facilitate delivery of improved services to Jaxonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s Communication enterprise. Such protocols ranges from feasibility study to adoption of the new system, with intermediary phases of meticulous documentation and testing of the system components. CITATION Raw \l 1033 (Rawal, B., Karne, R., Wijesinha, A., Ramcharan, H., Liang, S., 2012)The information garnered from the beginning of the project is beneficial and adequate for the conclusive establishment of the capacity of the program. Establishing the new MS exchange required exclusive investigative works bended towards understanding the importance of individuals and their ability to understand the workings of a general IT project. The project required tentative work that originated not only from the functioning of the IT department but also from the general surroundings of the company. The following are some of the roles that needed to be established to accomplish the task.Body of the ReportIn order to establish the exchange several steps were undertaken and several procedures incorporated in the design. The project took three to four conclusive steps detailing the technical that needed to be undertake during the project. The steps taken and the kind of team involved were dependent on the extent of the exchange and the time it would consume. The chronological development of the project was likewise extremely important in these circumstances. CITATION Rob12 \l 1033 (Robertson S. Robertson J., 2012)The designing phase of the system to be changed into required that modular programming was done to ensure that the system was programmed by different teams working concurrently to ensure the project was well establ ished within the designated time. This was advantageous because it helped establish a strict time policy that ensured the program was completed within the scheduled scope of time, and ensured the project was done with more credibility and incredibility. Thus, skills required within the team included unrivaled expertise in proficiency in programming, besides analysts to conduct the analysis on the current and the proposed system of corporate and MS Exchange email services respectively. The required training staff is also required within the system to train the operatives of the system once it has been implemented after the training phase (Maier, 2011).ÂAfter the conclusion of the establishment of the skills needed, there was the need to continue to the next step of the project, which was the web interface. This is was a very important step because any system must provide for efficient human interaction. The system must be able to provide feedback to the user once the user issues commands to inquire for services. This was necessary in determining the kind of interface to be used. A good interface should incorporate a system of easy navigability as well as The operating interface design of the current email client service does not entail appealing formats for operations. Moreover, working with the interface was difficult, as less navigation buttons were incorporated within the server of Jaxonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s communication. The new MS Exchange server that was being established had enhanced web navigation buttons, and is more interactive to the user. This is part of the design phase that was to be considered before implementing the system into the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s operations CITATION Pau12 \l 1033 (Cunnigham, 2012). As such, the Web Interface of MS Exchange emailing corporation is enhanced with more graphics that ensure that the system is more accessible and user friendly. This made the established of the project even more important for the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s operations. For the project to become successful it was paramount that Jaxonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s communication ensure that the users have enough experiences to enable them interact with the system. Moreover, the system should be able to handle multiple user requests and meet their needs as requested. Accordingly, MS Exchange is capable of handling multiple requests and enhances real time exchanges between the clients and the hosts.it is very important for the company to have the ability to send and receive emails for the different services and functions. Each operation was to be undertaken and completed within the system operation scope, ensuring that every aspect is covered and taken care of. Different platforms of the organization must be met with by ensuring that each user needs are met (Rawal et al., 2012).The working environment of the new MS Exchange Server shall require installation of newer modified switches and routers. These gateway terminals are to be fitted with malware detecti on filters, and enhance file sharing with greater speeds and efficiency. In terms of configuration, new tunneling is needed to ensure proper ro...

The Pros And Cons Of Modern Prisons - 1261 Words

There was a time when criminals could anonymously wander within the populous and commit crimes, without getting caught or getting severe punishments. Now, with the idea and creation of prisons, the ability to lawfully punish criminals exists. The innocent are now safe. But is modern prison truly beneficial? London, the capital of England and the United Kingdom, is known as the birthplace of modern imprisonment (â€Å"History of Prisons†). Jeremy Bentham, a philosopher that was highly against the idea of the death penalty, created a concept for a penitentiary that would be used to detain criminals as prisoners as a form of punishment. By the 19th century, Jeremy’s concept became a reality and prisons were being built for the sole purpose of†¦show more content†¦According to the Sentencing Project, even when the crime rates had declined, the number of people sentenced to prison for property and violent crimes increased. This population problem can be fixed. How can this dramatic increase in incarceration be handled? Well, according to the Sentencing Project, we can start by â€Å"eliminating mandatory minimum sentences and cut back on excessively lengthy sentences; for example, by imposing a 20-year maximum on prison terms, we can be shifting resources to community-based prevention and have treatment for substance abuse by investing in interventions to promote strong youth development and respond to delinquency in age-appropriate and evidence-based ways. We could be examining and addressing the policies and practices, conscious or not, that contribute to racial inequity at every stage of the justice system, and removing barriers that make it harder for individuals with criminal records to turn their lives around.†. Also, there are prisons that can maintain that population called private prisons. According to Vittana.org, private prisons can better control population levels by transporting pri soners to specific locations where there are greater needs. They state that, â€Å"This lessens the threat of overcrowding on local systems while still allowing for profitability.† So, this population problem is really not much to worry about. The bottom line is, the innocent are protected. People may say, well since theShow MoreRelatedPros And Cons Of Solitary Confinement1001 Words   |  5 PagesOver the last couple of decades, prison systems have adopted the use of solitary confinement as a means of punishment and have progressively depended on it to help maintain obedience and discipline inside the prison structure. Solitary confinement is a form of incarceration in which a prisoner is isolated in a cell for multiple hours, days, or weeks with limited to no human contact. According to the American Civil Liberties Union, the United States represents only 5% of the worlds population yetRead MoreCapital Punishment and Life Without Parole Essay897 Words   |  4 Pageshe was then ordered to take his own life. In present day the death penalty has changed drastically. The death penalty has undergone many changes since then. In medieval times the methods used to kill people were inhumane and often times cruel. In modern times the methods to kill people are much more hum ane. The death penalty has been used less and less often and even outlawed in some states. The death penalty should be used more often and for more crimes. If the death penalty was used more oftenRead MorePros And Cons Of Private Prisons1625 Words   |  7 PagesThe United States has had a long and controversial history when it comes to the U.S prison system. Holding only approximately 5% of the global population; U.S prisoners account for almost 25% of the worlds prisoners, having even more than China; a nation with almost a billion more citizens than the U.S (PrisonStudies.org) Even when considering these alarming statistics, discussing the method of caring for, feeding, and rehabilitating prisoners in the U.S is often avoided as many United States citizensRead MoreThe Death Penalty. Courtney Ottinger. University Wisconsin-983 Words   |  4 Pagesto rape cases. In the year of 1976, the supreme court ruled that the 8th Amendment excluded the death penalty. Although the death pen alty is still legal today, it is not legal in Wisconsin. In order for a death penalty to be imposed upon someone in modern time, it is in response to murder homicide of the first degree(PURPLE). Complexity The death penalty is such a controversial topic. There is so much more to it than just the human eyes and ears are able to witness. The thought of killing someoneRead MoreThe Death Penalty Of The United States1520 Words   |  7 Pagescapital punishment but also required it (â€Å"Facts about the Death Penalty† 3). Execution was the automatic penalty for anyone convicted of murder or several other serious crimes. The debate has shifted from whether capital punishment is appropriate in a modern civilized society to questions about the fairness of the trials and the reliability of the results. These questions have contributed to the rise of citizens who oppose the death penalty (â€Å"Facts about the Death Penalty† 3). A divided United StatesRead MoreDeath Penalty Pros and Cons1636 Words   |  7 Pages Pros and Cons of the Death Penalty The death penalty is a legal process whereby a person is put to death as a punishment for a crime. The death penalties are usually carried out for retribution of a heinous murder committed, such as aggravated murder, felony killing or contract killing. Every state handles what method they want to use to put a person to death according to their state laws. The death penalty is given by lethal injection, electrocution; gas chamber firing squad and hanging areRead MoreZoos: The Federal Animal Welfare Act 1167 Words   |  5 PagesZoos often claim they are modern day arks, providing a safe, comfortable environment; making animals happy and content; educating the world about wildlife; and saving species from the brink of extinction while at the same time providing vital research into the lives of animals. There is a moral presumption against keeping wild, defenseless animals in captivity. The zoo is a prison for animals who have been sentenced without a trial. Either we have duties to animals or we do not. I feel that weRead MoreCultivating Conscience Book866 Words   |  3 Pageseffectiveness of using material incentives in law as a way to lessen the amount criminal activities performed in modern society. Material incentives, according to Stout, are only part of the complex equation that is behavior. Throughout the book the author gives examples of research-based theories that prove there are many other ways to lessen delinquent activities that do not involve punishment or prison. These tests have proven that there are three main factors needed to influence human behavior and in turnRead MoreDeath Penalty Pros Cons2512 Words   |  11 PagesTop 10 Pros and Cons Should the death penalty be allowed? The PRO and CON statements below give a five minute introduction to the death penalty debate. (Read more information about our one star to five star Theoretical Credibility System) 1. Morality 2. Constitutionality 3. Deterrence 4. Retribution 5. Irrevocable Mistakes 6. Cost of Death vs. Life in Prison 7. Race 8. Income Level 9. Attorney Quality 10. Physicians at Execution PRO Death Penalty CON Death Penalty 1. Morality PRO:Read MoreDeath Penalty Essay Outline1443 Words   |  6 Pagesaround for centuries first appearing in Hamarabis code. In modern society the death penalty is often overlooked because normally it is a criminal receiving the punishment and not your everyday good citizen. Which is where the main argument lies for most people. The Death Penalty can affect all people, directly or indirectly, yet most people dont see it this way. From the stoning in the late B.C. era to the lethal injection, many modern governments, including the united States. have sentenced many

Observing a Scene free essay sample

A common place amongst this university to some would be the housing dormitories. As some may consider me as a loner, I consider myself someone who is keen of privacy. My dorm is a place where I can gather my thoughts, my emotions and grasp reality. Being new to Massachusetts, I could describe any place I gaze upon; all being a new sight. It is too bland of an experience to describe a park, a beach, or a garden, because everyone has painted their own unique pictures of these familiar experiences. So I chose the campus dormitories, well my dorm. The sights, sounds, feelings and smells that occur are just as remarkable as sitting in a park observing the life around me. Looking through my fifth floor window I can easily see two miles into the distance. The sun sets off an explosion of reds, blues, oranges and purples into the sky, that are visible to any naked eye. We will write a custom essay sample on Observing a Scene or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The red rooftops infiltrate my window screen and reflect off my mirror. The streetlights resemble stars that are masked by Salem’s inner city light pollution. The naked maple trees in the near distance are breaching over the multifamily homes; the abundant pine trees are full of life and blooming with greens and strength. Living in Florida for almost all of my life, I never experienced nature’s diversity. When the seasons change it is like watching a slow motion movie take place right before my eyes. The trees transform as the fall approaches. From lively green leaves and bushes turn into to red, orange and browns preparing the ambiance of fall’s serenity. The wind begins to pick up relinquishing summer’s heavy humidity. Lasting roughly three months, the warmth begins to diminish and the icy air begins to emerge from nature’s closet. Winters approaching and the lively, colorful leaves begin to disappear by the branch. Winter is here and the ambiance of the whole city has changed; especially when snow is expected. After a long winter night, the sun rises over those same roofs yet when the snow glistens it creates an image of a winter wonderland. To most, these mornings symbolize gruesome work. To those it is a burden to shovel up a pathway through the freshly fallen snow. Although through my inexperienced eyes, it is beautiful and quite peaceful in a way that stops time for a slight moment. I take a deep breath and the cold air just fills my body with a different life. There are these projects right behind my dorm and at all hours of the day I can hear laughter that the wind carried five stories up into my window penetrating my ears with the sound of innocence. Along with the bouncing of basketballs while they play on the court. There is this disgusting dump truck, which attracts all types of wildlife, right before the sun goes down you can hear the squawking of seagulls. Within the building, I can hear the diversity spread among the hundreds of students occupying Bowditch Hall. As they blast their music, their television, and argue on their phones. We have a large number of heavy walkers who seem to be stampeding right above my room like they are a herd of elephants, just before you drift to sleep. The many days during the early afternoons, the aroma of burnt popcorn coats this building like dust. You wake up to the crisp, cold air weighing down on your chest. To start what feels like, a never-ending day is a struggle. Gaining the motivation to take the first steps onto the lifeless, cold tile, makes you want to curl back up into bed and close your eyes, until you feel the vibration and loud bells ringing from your alarm clock. Taking those first steps of the morning making your way into the bathroom, you are bombarded with steam, it seems like everyone is up at 6:45 A. M all preparing for his or her day. It is too early in the morning for all the different fragrances. The mixture of body wash and shampoos begin to form a headache, the smell of roses, spearmint, lavender, sweet pea, and my favorite, coconut. They are all so vivid. I finish washing my face, go to my room and brew a nice large cup of strong hazelnut coffee. The smell infiltrates the air and it always wakes my roommate out of a dead sleep. I pour it into my to-go cup with a splash of cream and one sugar and storm out, realizing that I am five minutes late to class.

The Role of Alexander Hamilton in Federal Governments in the United States of America

What is the most significant part of Hamilton’s argument in Federalist 70? Why does Hamilton argue in favour of a single executive? Are the comparisons Hamilton makes to the Roman warranted? Alexander Hamilton is considered as the founder of principles that govern Federal Governments in the United States of America and thus the true architect of the modern administrative state. Hamilton’s most significant argument in Federal 70 was the creation of a strong executive.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Alexander Hamilton in Federal Governments in the United States of America specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Hamilton in Federalist 70 believed that good governance could only be attained through an energetic and accountable executive. A critical look at Hamilton’s argument that was attached to the structure of government, administration and rule of law as well as policies is still releva nt in the contemporary United States of America. Hamilton expressed that a strong executive is a fundamental requirement for a nation’s economic prosperity, a view he held so dearly that he made political rivalry between him and people who held different views. It is imperative to note that during constitutional convention which was held in 1787, he advocated for a government in the form of an elected monarchy. This opinion was shot down by delegates in the convention. In spite of the defeat, he continued advocating for creation of a strong executive. Hamilton’s views of a strong executive were anchored on the failures of the confederation plan which aimed at over-devolution of government affairs. It was evident that a plan of devolution that gave states maximum discretion over the federal government was improper. This was because of difficulties in formulating and ratifying rules to govern the same which took years to come up with largely due to disagreements in bound aries and commerce. In order to support the views of Alexander Hamilton, failure among states to work under the terms of the Paris Treaty that ended the Revolutionary War made leaders to agree on making a strong government that would supervise affairs of the states. This agreement was reached after states started formulating their own independent foreign policies while other states fought on whom to control the western land. By 1787, it was evident that the devolution plan was not working and the solution to this would be formulating a strong federal government that would have executive powers over the states’ governments.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The quest for a strong executive was echoed by Alexander Hamilton and being the first treasury secretary, he planned and wrote reports on modalities of creating strong executive government. His reports included report on public credit, manufacturing and creation of a national banking system. Hamilton considered three basic principles in his views regarding the newly agitated public administration structure and strategy. Firstly, Hamilton considered independence, responsibility and power as key principles that would indeed play a role if a strong executive agenda would succeed and give good results. According to Hamilton, the laws that had been ratified by the congress posed limitations on the independence of the federal government. It was his wish that for the executive to be able to implement laws, it required independence and freedom. It was also evident that Hamilton in his later works (such as in Federalist71) showed that there was need for separation of powers between the executive and the legislature. In addition, he showed that it was important to vest adequate authority to the executive such as freedom to determine how best to implement and administer laws. Hamilton was strongly convinced that a weak government was bound to deliver poor results mainly due to bad policies. He also believed that there was much needed for a decisive organ that would drive policies on behalf of states’ governments. In addition, Hamilton held the view that it required a strong government to protect the people’s interest if they required to rule and be served at the same time. It is evident that the Federalist 70 (a book by Hamilton) was probably the first of its kind on the subject of public administration whose relevance was noted almost a century later. The book outlined what was entailed by â€Å"energy in the executive†. On the principle of power, Hamilton outlined that a strong executive required unity, and that there ought to have been a president as the leader of the government who should be in power for a definite duration of time. Also, he said that the president was supposed to be competent enough to be able understand and push policies for the good of the nation. The third principle of responsibility was aimed at keeping the executive government accountable so that it didn’t exhibit or exercise too much power. Hamilton suggested that for the executive to be accountable, it required Congress that would supervise it.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Alexander Hamilton in Federal Governments in the United States of America specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Although Hamilton’s view on separation of powers between the legislature and executive was received well, he suggested that it could not be enough to vest all the authority to the Congress to check the executive. There was need for a stronger executive branch (Congress) that could have power to impeach even the president. There was strong need to check the executive so that it does not exercise too much power. Therefore, the proposed government would be responsible for its actions for the g ood of the citizen of the nation. In order to prove that his argument was the only way to push for the economic development agenda and a change from agrarian dependent economy to manufacturing, Hamilton in the capacity of treasury secretary was instrumental in the planning and creation of the First Bank of the United States of America which was government-supported. Hamilton’s view on a long term vision was that when an executive government is in place, it is possible to formulate policies that can change even the economic position of the nation. His vision of a manufacturing driven economy was that it would play a major role for America to engage in global commerce compared to an economy driven by agriculture. Hamilton’s strong support for a powerful government led by an executive leader was envisioned in the future of America in the sense that an economic transformation would only be possible when a strong executive was is in place to push the agenda forward. Hamilto n’s values for the administration of the United States of America can be summarized as a system that blends a strong executive (monarchy), a strong legislature (democratic) and an independent judicial system which has powers to overrule the will of the majority if liberty is destroyed (aristocracy). To enable this kind of system to flourish peacefully, there is need to balance them in such a way that none becomes more superior to the other or vise versa.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It was evident that Alexander Hamilton admired and also had passion for Rome. His envisioned America resembled what used to be the administration in Ancient Roman Republic. Rome portrayed a history whose greatness was achieved through trade and commerce. In addition, this history was established and strongly supported by military of elite. It is generally viewed that Rome’s administration was strategized to command and conquer. The empire in Rome was mandated to protect the interests of the people led by a central figure. This was the exact vision that Hamilton had for American administration. In his era, Caesar was referred to as a destroyer of republics and thus never enjoyed the admiration of many people. However, Hamilton admired him and referred to him as â€Å"the greatest villain and the founder†. As mentioned earlier, Humiliations view was to have an executive leader whose mandate was to give an informed leadership by pushing forward the policies that would mak e America great. The Roman Empire shared the same set up. Hamilton’s vision would be put into operation by employing policies and mechanism that would reduce poverty through funding and assumption or through empowering the rich and employing mechanisms of expanding trade throughout the world. The latter would be put in place while still enforcing domestic fiscal authority. This strategy would be possible if a strong executive was put in place to push for these agendas. Hamilton’s vision encompassed a strong government’s quest to empower members of the political elite that would transform the administration from within. To date, America’s administration reflects the foundation that was laid by the founder of modern administration, Alexander Hamilton. His argument regarding the Roman Republic and his admiration of the system of administration in Rome are indeed warranted. Hamilton participated in the enactment of some of his proposals in the constitution th at changed the administration of the United States. Therefore, he can be rightfully referred to as the founder of modern administration in the United States of America. This essay on The Role of Alexander Hamilton in Federal Governments in the United States of America was written and submitted by user Aaden Combs to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Pandillas como MS-13 y leyes migratorias de EE.UU.

Pandillas como MS-13 y leyes migratorias de EE.UU. Ser miembro de una pandilla como la MS-13 o la Mara Salvatrucha, o incluso la simple sospecha de pertenencia actual o pasada causa problemas migratorios gravà ­simos para todos los extranjeros presentes en el paà ­s. Por su gran impacto migratorio, este artà ­culo informa sobre quà © es una pandilla, conocida tambià ©n como mara, cà ³mo las autoridades migratorias obtienen informacià ³n sobre quià ©n es o puede ser pandillero, cules son las consecuencias migratorias y quà © se puede hacer si se tienen problemas por esta razà ³n.  ¿Quà © se considera que es una pandilla o mara? No hay una definicià ³n legal à ºnica sobre quà © es una pandilla. Sin embargo, el Departamento de Seguridad Interna (DHS, por sus siglas en inglà ©s), del que dependen organismos migratorios como ICE y USCIS, considera que una pandilla es una asociacià ³n formal o informal de tres o ms personas que tiene como uno de sus principales objetivos cometer uno o ms delitos. Es decir, una mara no tiene que ser una organizacià ³n grande y conocida como la Mara Salvatrucha, la MS-13 o los Latin Kings.  ¿Cà ³mo saben las autoridades migratorias que un migrante es pandillero? Las autoridades migratorias consultan una o varias bases de datos que incluyen informacià ³n sobre las personas que pertenecen a alguna de esas organizaciones o de quienes se sospecha que tienen algà ºn tipo de afiliacià ³n con las mismas o, incluso, quienes pertenecieron en el pasado. Entre la informacià ³n que se registra en las bases de datos se encuentran los nombres de los pandilleros, apodos, direccià ³n, descripcià ³n fà ­sica y marcas, como por ejemplo lunares o cicatrices, tatuajes, nacionalidad, identificacià ³n de la pandilla a la que pertenecen o con la que se sospecha que estn afiliados y posicià ³n dentro de la misma. Entre las bases de datos ms utilizadas destaca GangNet. Se sabe que la utilizan al menos el FBI, ICE - la agencia encargada de ejecutar las leyes migratorias- , 14 estados y el Distrito de Columbia. En 2016, ICE dejà ³ de utilizar ICEGangs y ahora busca informacià ³n sobre posibles pandilleros en la citada GangNet y en otras bases de datos como, ICM, EID y FALCON. Adems, estados, condados o ciudades pueden tener sus propias bases de datos para este fin. Una de las ms completas es CalGang, a la cual aà ±aden informacià ³n todos los departamentos de policà ­a del estado de California. Se da por hecho entre los abogados migratorios que el Departamento de Seguridad Interna, del cual dependen ICE y USCIS, tiene acceso a la informacià ³n que contienen muchas de esas bases de datos locales o estatales, pero se desconoce el alcance de la colaboracià ³n.  ¿Cà ³mo se incluye una persona en una base de datos sobre pandillas o maras? Segà ºn el Centro de Recursos Legales Migratorios (ILRC, por sus siglas en inglà ©s), el nombre de una persona puede incluirse en una base de datos sobre pertenencia o afiliacià ³n con maras en cuatro situaciones. En primer lugar, como resultado de la investigacià ³n de un delito. En segundo lugar, por lo que se declara cuando se est en custodia de la policà ­a. En tercer lugar, por condena en un juicio y, en cuarto lugar, como consecuencia de lo que un agente anota durante lo que se conoce como una entrevista de campo (field interview, en inglà ©s). En este contexto, debe entenderse como una entrevista de campo una interaccià ³n entre un pandillero o sospecho de serlo y un agente de la policà ­a que tiene lugar en un vecindario de una ciudad con un alto à ­ndice de presencia pandillera. Cada estado establece sus propias reglas para determinar cundo el agente puede incluir a una persona en una base de datos de pandillas, por lo que es imposible brindar reglas generales. Sin embargo, en California, donde la presencia pandillera es notable, la ley permite la inclusià ³n de una persona en CalGang si cumple al menos dos de los siguientes requisitos: Ha reconocido pertenecer a una maraHa sido arrestada en compaà ±Ãƒ ­a de personas conocidas como pandillerosHa sido identificada como miembro de una pandilla por un informanteExhibe sà ­mbolos o gestos manuales propios de pandillasTiene tatuajes propios de pandillasFrecuenta lugares en los que se reà ºnen las pandillasViste ropa que se identifica con una determinada mara Como consecuencia de la laxitud de los requisitos para ser incluido en una base de datos sobre pandillas, entre los defensores de los migrantes se argumenta que muchas de las personas incluidas en las mismas no son, en realidad, pandilleros. Adems, cuando una persona est detenida en una crcel o prisià ³n no migratoria frecuentemente se registra su afiliacià ³n con una pandilla - verificada o presunta- para evitar colocar en el mismo mà ³dulo carcelario a miembros de distintas organizaciones. Asimismo, agencias migratorias como la Policà ­a Fronteriza (CBP, por sus siglas en inglà ©s) e ICE tambià ©n registran si una persona es sospechosa de pertenecer a pandillas e incluso agencias privadas que gestionan crceles migratorias, como CCA y GEO, tambià ©n realizan esta clase de anotaciones. Por otro lado, hay que tener en consideracià ³n que cada jurisdiccià ³n establece las reglas sobre si es obligatorio notificar a una persona que ha sido incluida en alguna de dichas bases de datos o registros sobre pertenencia a pandillas, por lo que en muchos casos el interesado no sabe que su nombre ha sido incluido. Una vez que el nombre ha sido incluido, es muy difà ­cil sacarlo de la base de datos. Estar incluido en una base de datos de maras,  ¿cà ³mo afecta a los asuntos migratorios? La pertenencia a pandillas se considera, desde el punto de vista migratorio, como una amenaza a la seguridad nacional de los Estados Unidos, lo cual significa que si un migrante es calificado como tal, tiene un problema migratorio gravà ­simo. Hay que destacar distintas situaciones. En primer lugar, si una persona extranjera est detenida por Inmigracià ³n y se sabe o sospecha que es miembro de una pandilla como los Latin King, MS-13 o Mara Salvatrucha, no va a obtener una fianza o, si la obtuviese, va a ser por un monto muy alto. Adems, se inicia un procedimiento de deportacià ³n o expulsià ³n en su contra. No cabe duda de que la pertenencia actual o pasada a una pandilla o mara es causa prioritaria de deportacià ³n. En el caso de migrantes no detenidos que solicitan un beneficio migratorio, como un ajuste de estatus, por ejemplo, DACA para jà ³venes indocumentados que llegaron a Estados Unidos siendo nià ±os o la visa U para và ­ctimas de violencia, dicho beneficio puede ser negado y, de hecho, eso es lo que sucede en la mayorà ­a de los casos. La denegacià ³n del beneficio migratorio puede deberse porque se pregunta especà ­ficamente en el formulario de aplicacià ³n sobre pertenencia a pandillas y, en caso de que asà ­ sea, se aplica lo que se conoce como causa de inadmisibilidad (a)(3)(B) que da lugar a que no se pueda estar en EE.UU. y se inicie un proceso de deportacià ³n. En otros casos en los que no se se realiza esa pregunta, como es el caso de los formularios de DACA, el beneficio ser negado casi siempre porque el oficial del USCIS tiene el poder discrecional de decidir si aprueba el beneficio que se solicita y, en el caso de los pandilleros, la regla general es no aprobarlo.  ¿Quà © se puede hacer cuando un migrante es sospechoso de pandillero? Estos son casos muy delicados y que deben ser siempre tratados en confidencialidad con un abogado que tenga experiencia en este tipo de casos y que conozca las reglas y reglamentos del estado respecto a pandillas y bases de datos. Si una persona extranjera se ha movido en cà ­rculos pandilleros, aunque no haya pertenecido a ninguna pandilla o si realmente ha tenido membresà ­a en alguna de ellas, deberà ­a consultar con un abogado antes de solicitar cualquier tipo de beneficio migratorio, ya que podrà ­a estar provocando el inicio de un proceso de deportacià ³n en su contra. Es importante que el abogado conozca si el estado est obligado a comunicar la inclusià ³n de una persona en la base de datos. En el caso de que se produzca dicha comunicacià ³n, se debe contratar a un abogado para que intente apelar y borrar el nombre del migrante de dicha base de datos. Si se vive en una jurisdiccià ³n donde la autoridad no est obligada a notificar la inclusià ³n de una persona en un registro de maras, es importante que el abogado intente recabar esa informacià ³n indirectamente. Por ejemplo, solicitando rà ©cords de posibles arrestos, de oficiales de libertad condicional o parole o, incluso, de high school, ya que en muchas escuelas se realizan anotaciones sobre posible pertenencia a pandillas de los estudiantes. Puntos clave Las pandillas o maras son consideradas una amenaza a la seguridad de EE.UU.Membresà ­a o sospecha de pertenencia a pandillas es causa de problemas migratorios graves.Existen varias bases de datos de pandilleros. Es posible estar en una sin saberlo. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Nanotechnology benefits and effects in military application Essay

Nanotechnology benefits and effects in military application - Essay Example Various debates have been held by different researching groups and governments to discuss the implications of nanotechnology in future. This is because the technology has a potential of creating many materials and devices that have wide applications in fields such as energy, medicine, military, engineering, computing and electronics. In fact, the military field started early to appreciate the significance of nanotechnology and expects more from it. The field has actually spent a lot of money researching on it than any other field. Despite the good results that have emerged and still expected to emerge as a result of nanotechnology, it has raised other issues of concern which include the potential effects of nanomaterials on the global economy, the impacts of nanomaterials in the environment, its effects on health and other speculative issues (Roco, 2006). Therefore, the advocacy groups and governments have been debating whether it is possible to warrant special regulations on nanotec hnology. This essay discusses the benefits and effects of nanotechnology in military. Nanotechnology has various benefits in the military field. First, nanotechnology helps to create the uniform materials for the soldiers. The idea behind using nanotechnology to make soldier’s uniforms is to make them more comfortable, more lightweight and more high tech. In addition, nanoparticles can be injected on the materials used to make solder’s uniforms to make them more durable, and to protect the soldiers from dangerous effects like high temperatures and chemical effects. The nanoparticles put on the uniform’s material protect soldiers by combining together when a suspicious thing hits the armor hardening the area that is hit. This act of stiffening helps to reduce the impact of that thing that hit or stroke the armor. By lessening the impact force, the soldiers wearing the uniform are protected from the injuries they would have

Pierre-Auguste Renoir - Dance at Bougival Essay

Pierre-Auguste Renoir - Dance at Bougival - Essay Example The essay "Pierre-Auguste Renoir - Dance at Bougival" analyzes Pierre-Auguste Renoir's painting called Dance at Bougival. The â€Å"Dance at Bougivel† painting has two emotions in it, perplexed by the use of different colors and the impressions on the faces of characters present on it. There is a gentleman in a classic-blue old suit and a yellow hat that is holding a lady and they seem to dancing to the tune of a classic song. The man is faces her lady in a romantic way trying to create an impression on her while she does not face him directly. It created a kind of romanticism that is not different from what we know today; the extent a person goes to create an impression to his lover, but she is reluctant to reciprocate her feelings to him until she is sure that she is â€Å"safe†. The two lovers are clad in a manner that suggests that this dance was a special moment for them, a date. One may wonder what was in the mind of Paul Durand-Ruel when he finished this piece of art. Literature reveals that Ruel paid attention to impressionism. He dedicated his art to creating paints which portrayed passion and which, has influenced the modern way of life. During the year 1883, Ruel is said that he used his work to illuminate the experiences he had encountered in romance. His passion for art began when he inherited art gallery that was founded by his parents. Paul Durand-Ruel was born 1831 and died in 1922. Paul developed an interest in painting and he invested in promoting the work of the young artists.

Goldings modern fable Lord of the Flies Essay Example for Free

Goldings modern fable Lord of the Flies Essay What gave Golding the inspiration to write the great novel, Lord of the Flies? He wrote the Lord of the flies novel soon after the war, which was later published in 1954. So it was soon after the war when he wrote it. So was this where his inspiration came from for the novel. Did seeing children suffering give him ideas? Did the Hitler give him inspiration for jack and Churchill for Ralph? Did the war lead him to write the book at all? We dont know now, and probably never will do! But we can guess. We can try and work out what made him write this incredible tale of the children gone savages who fight for survival on the island. The children where being evacuated from the war when they crashed. Ralph was the first character to be introduced. He came out the story to be the strong one. The leader who only wanted the best to come of things and to end it all and get home, just like Winston Churchill wanted to win the war. Jack on the other side, turned out to be more evil, more sadistic and much more savage then Ralph. He was being compared to Hitler or Mussolini. The main evil powers in the Second World War. The conch represents the democracy in the play. It could well be related to the democracy between countries, the vote, the councils and the League of Nations. Golding could well of thought of a symbol that was needed to represent this on the island. The only thing stopping them from tearing each other imp from limp. Just like the rest of the world in the war. The conch was there for peace on the island, and the councils were there to stop the world from destroying one another completely. The fire could well represent a piece of the war of mass destruction. The blitz, for example. It destroyed half of London, like the fire destroyed half the island. Londoners were getting scared the war would never end, after something so bad happened. Golding incorporated this by using it like the boys on the island, seeing this destruction made them realise, this may never end, and they may all die soon. Once they had been there a little while. They began to turn into savages. Ralph knew this wasnt going to end soon. They knew things were going to happen, friends and enemies would be made and it would be along time till it ends. This was the case of the war. Hitler and Churchill knew it was a long-term war and they could be there for years. Golding probably noticed during the war, that people tried to be brave. But beneath the skin, they are truly scared. The people who went off to war, had to be brave, to show those they are confident, that they want to win, to set an example for the people at home and the children. Golding sees this, and puts this into his characters. Everyone on the island was scared, Especially the littluns. Ralph and Jack have to be strong. They are scared, but need to put on a brave face for the sake of everyone. People will breakdown without stronger people to support them like Ralph and jack and the bigguns. Golding has again, related his characters to the human beings that took part in the war. He has compared them, and they basically have the same feelings, just shown in different ways and surroundings. Golding also relates the ending to the war. How d-day is the same as the last bit of the Book. However, Ralph was now related to Hitler and Jack, Churchill. This is because, Jack is winning, and he almost has Ralph, almost has him stuck and almost has the end of Ralph. He has him cornered, when it ends. Just before Ralph is about to be killed it all over. The ordeal they have gone through has ended in 5 minutes. Just like, the last day of the war, When Germany is close to loosing, they surrender, and its all over. I think the early 20th century was a good source for Goldings book, Lord of the Flies. The war was the main thing to happen in the years of Golding writing the book. He saw things first hand and wrote down this in a story, which he changed to make a story, but used the same roots as the war stories. Golding book was a fabulous story of boys, who are stranded, but he hides the fact hat its related to the war well. You dont really notice it, but looking beneath the skin of the book, you actually realise the strong resemblance it has with the war.

Michael Moore :: essays research papers

Michael Moore ‘Michael Moore is one of the most popular but also one of the most feared and hated people in America’. Why is this? Michael Moore is seen by the American society as a representative to the people, or as a public disturbance, expressing the views of an ‘average American’ to the rest of the world, in such mediums as film, text, presentations and interviews. There are many reasons to Michael Moore’s popularity and hate, which all come from his productions and beliefs. The way Moore delivers his information to the society comes in many different forms, and strikes up many different views upon his opinion as well. The views that arise in Michael Moore’s ideas and plans are taken to a higher scale than the ordinary American citizen and people fear Moore will run in politics one day. Some of his words are controversial, others pure fact and some statements are stretched far out of context. Many of Michael’s ideas run through his film, Bowling for Columbine, his multiple press/film conferences and award ceremonies and many interviews with highly ranked people. Focusing on this film, many issues and themes are present from a single movie length feature. Michael Moore raises such issues as violence, crime and killings, but most importantly, gun laws. Michael Moore presents information and facts to the people, because they need to know. Michael strongly believes in this, as many people can see, how Moore mercilessly uses his tricks and taunts to lure out important pieces of information from his interviewees, and making fools of them. With this point, it is one of the main reasons why Michael Moore is one of the most feared or hated people in America. With many different groups having their own opinions upon this man, Michael believes himself to be informing the people about issues he himself would like to know about. And no matter how this information is drawn out, he is there to present it. Throughout his movie ‘Bowling for Columbine’, Michael uses a different variety of ways to present his information to the viewers, including dramatic, humorous, shocking, satirical ways to convey his message.

Law and Morality Essay

Morality can be described as a set of values common to society, which are normative, specifying the correct course of action in a situation and the limits of what society considers acceptable. Law on the other hand according to Osborn’s Concise Law Dictionary is a rule of conduct imposed and reinforced by the sovereign. A body of principles regognized and applied by the state in the administration of justice. If law is to enforce morals, then it is faced with the problem that what one person considers immoral, another might not, so which viewpoint should the law uphold. This can be seen in the case of Gillick v West Norfolk and Wisbech Area Health Authority (1986) where Mrs Gillick sought a declaration that what she saw as an immoral activity (making contraceptive advice and treatment available to girls under the age of consent) was by nature of its immorality, illegal. This was a moral conflict as some saw this as immoral – it encouraged underage sex – others felt it was moral as young girls would engage in underage sex anyway , but contraceptives would prevent unwanted pregnancies. Which viewpoint would the law support. The House of Lords ruled against Mrs Gillick but stated that they were governed by the relevant statutes rather than moral arguments. What then is the relationship between law and morality. What are the differences and similarities The vast differences between existing theories of the basis of law often fail to notice the fact that they are based on the practice of comparing an act to certain standards in order to determine its legality. [1] Different approaches differ in terms of which standards are compared and assessed, though both ultimately assess acts to certain standards to determine their legality or morality. The two leading theories on the topic are positivism and naturalism – the debate between the two has fuelled theorists for centuries. Many observers of positivism presume that it completely dismisses any role of morality in the application of the law, while naturalism bases the existence and validity of law on moral bases. Although the theories are fundamentally different, it is argued that a link between law and morality is glaringly obvious and unavoidable, no matter which side one chooses to follow or favour. This paper will seek to argue that claims which deny any link between law and morality are weak and flawed at best, and apply in a limited manner to simple, straightforward cases. The mere existence of the ‘hard case’ and of court deliberation provides a great deal of evidence for not only the existence of the link between law and morality, but also the necessity of such a link. The naturalist and positivist theories will be explored in order to assess whether the link between law and morality can survive its critics and strengthen the faith of its followers. Legal Positivism Positivists claim that objective morality simply cannot exist because values consist of different attitudes towards and beliefs about certain values. [2] Attitudes and beliefs differ between individuals and cause us to react to a certain act in a subjective manner. Moral perceptions are predominantly emotional, so that such assessments in the realm of the law cause uncertainty and inconsistency. It also fails to recognise difficult cases and the possibility of new cases arising. The apparent main flaw of positivism is that it is unable to explain the legal deliberation which takes place in the courtroom, particularly the difficult cases which have no apparent ‘yes or no’ answer. The very difficulties posed by interpreting the law and applying it to everyday circumstances are unable to be adequately explained by positivism. Indeed, there is a distinction here between hard and soft positivists; the latter do recognise a form of moral basis upon which written laws are perched. Yet both soft and hard positivists are at pains to explain how hard cases arise, in which there is simply no right or wrong answer, and in which morality may unavoidably take a central role. Morality and the Naturalist Approach Naturalists claim that non-legal considerations such as ideological, moral and political factors are not only relevant to the posited law, but that law is also based on such factors. The central argument of naturalism is that objective knowledge of right and wrong can and does exist, and that this provides the basis for legal decisions as well as for the validity of law. Naturalists such as Aquinas[3] claim that natural law provides the basis of validity for posited laws. Rousseau[4] believes that positive law cannot override or entrench upon certain existing natural rights; Aristotle claims that natural justice exists independently of individual perceptions of or opinions on it. [5] Jeremy Bentham proposed utilitarianism where moral action was the one that produced good for many, even it was at the expense of one – the greatest good for the greatest number. John Stuart Mill’s refinement of the idea argues that while this is true the individual should not have to follow society’s morals and should be free to act as they wish provided they do not harm others. The problem arises in defining who are included in others and what is harm. It is clear that naturalist claims to provide a strong link between law and morality, the latter of the two being a basis upon which the former is based. Judges, when they interpret and apply posited law, often make non-legal considerations in order to apply the law effectively. Naturalism, however, has a major flaw in that it claims the existence of objective morality. There are many case examples which suggest otherwise. [6] One presented with two rather extreme and different concepts of the link (or not) between law and morality. Is it plausible that such a links exists? Is there evidence for such a link, and how does it serve to affect how the law is administered? Does there really need to be objective knowledge of right and wrong in order for the link to be maintained? In order to explore these questions, the ever-elusive ‘difficult case’ will be assessed. It will be argued that the link between law and morality is not weakened by the argument that objective knowledge of right and wrong is nonexistent. The debate over the relationship between law and morality came to the forefront in the Hart/Devlin debate which followed the publication of Wolfenden Report in 1957. The report recommended the legalization of prostitution and homosexuality on the particularly untilitarian basis that â€Å"the law should not intervene in the private lives of citizens or seek to enforce an particular pattern of behaiour further than necessary† to protect others. Hart supported the report’s approach stating that legal enforcement of moral code is unnecessary. Devlin on the other hand was strongly opposed to the report. He felt that society had a certain moral standard which law was obliged to uphold as society would fall apart without a common morality. Devlin felt that this morality should be based on the views of the ‘right-minded person’ and that legislature should adhere to three basic principles: (1) Individuals should be allowed as much freedom and privacy as is possible without compromising morality. (2) Parliament and the judiciary should be cautious about changing laws relating to morality and (3) punishment should be used to prevent actions considered abominable to ‘right-minded people’. Hart opposed this view questioning what was ‘right-minded’ and submitted four reasons for not criminalizing what the ‘right-minded person† objected to. (1)Punishment of someone does harm to them only and if their actions involved no one else this was not right. (2) Free will is very moral, so interferance with free will would be immoral, (3) Free will allows learning through experimentation and (4) legislation surpressing an individual’s sexuality will harm them, as it can affect their emotional state. For the majority of legal issues, judges are not required to deviate from posited law and precedent in order to decide. The law makes murder wrong, and it has been a long-standing principle that taking the life of another is morally abhorrent. Yet what of the ‘hard cases’? What if A kills B in self-defence? What if C forced A to kill B else A lose his own life? What if the application of a law is indeterminate? Can posited law be applied without recourse to moral reasoning? Positivists such as Dworkin and Hart differ in their approach. Dworkin claims that there will always be applicable law,[7] while Hart claims that judges can make non-legal considerations under such circumstances. [8] Hart’s theory is applicable to the less open-textured terms where changes made by non-legal considerations are the result of â€Å"resemblances which can reasonably be defended as both legally relevant and sufficiently close. †[9] The judge thus utilises morality as a way of choosing between pre-existent definitions, without devising his own definitions. Although Hart is classed as a positivist, he does acknowledge a â€Å"core of indisputable truth in the doctrines of natural law†[10] which enables law to be based on something more than simply factual considerations. Hart’s theory can be interpreted as recognising a form of natural law, although he does stipulate that having recourse to moral values does not always ensure that law and its application will be just. This assessment of Hart’s approach is plausible, and it serves to create a link between law and morality which avoids the objective criticism of the naturalists. It provides a strong argument for a link between law and morality which is based on interpretational, social considerations which are evident in the courtroom today. It is perhaps necessary to query: does the law define what is right and wrong, or do we determine good and bad independently of the law? There are certainly evident customs in society which have strong influences on the way we behave. Such customs are not implemented by the law or backed by a sanction; they are simply examples of moral codes within a society which exist independently to the law. Does this mean that law and morality have no connection so that the latter can only be found in customs? Does a moral rule backed by the law become a valid law no matter what its content? It is arguable that even majority abhorrence of an act does not make it an immoral act per se, despite the fact that societies need a shared moral outlook in order to exist. [11] It could thus be suggested that the law is simply an embodiment of the current moral outlook of society; like morality the law changes according to attitudes and social tolerance. It is such observations that cause the positivist shunning of the link between law and morality to become less convincing. It is even arguable that the obeying of law is based on the recognition of the moral rule that law should be obeyed; the threat of sanction is evidently not enough to deter some. It could further be argued that the only reason that legislation has authority as law is because of the moral structure of a society. As has already been mentioned, the law develops and evolves according to moral outlooks; this can be seen where laws prohibiting same sex marriages and abortion have been abolished. If the law were completely disconnected from morality, why has it developed and evolved over time? Why does social pressure to repeal or change law often achieve its goal? The Link Between Law and Morality – Evidence Dworkin claims that courts refer to non-legal (moral) standards when deciding hard cases. Assessing and taking into account moral and political considerations has the potential to create a complex web of law and â€Å"justify the network as a whole†. [12] It is strongly arguable that deciding difficult cases without appealing to non-legal considerations is futile – the reason that such cases are ‘hard’ is because the law does not provide enough direction. However, it is important here to stress that decisions are not free to be made according to personal convictions – judges are on the contrary required to carefully weigh social factors in applying and interpreting the law. Dworkin’s theory in this sense is able to escape the positivist criticism that non-legal convictions are ultimately subjective. Rather, the judge is assigned the difficult interpretative task which is seen constantly in court. This is evident in cases such as that of Re A (Conjoined Twins)[13] in which moral judgements were inevitable and necessary in applying the law to the specific circumstances of the case. Ultimately, the judges were faced with the decision of killing one twin in order to save the other, or to not act and cause the death of both twins. While moral judgements are dangerous ground here, a positivist could not argue that the law as it is could be applied simply and without problem – often the law is simply not enough. The law in this case proved of very little aid – how is one to decide whether A’s life has more importance or value than B’s life? While moral considerations could have caused the decision to fall either way, it must be stressed that such situations must risk the dangerous ground created by moral convictions, particularly because the law provides little guidance. Simple cases indeed provide evidence that a link between law and morality is not only non-existent, but also not necessary. [14] Yet the ever-emerging hard cases cry otherwise; they not only highlight the constant shortcomings of posited law, they also emphasise the need to acknowledge and utilise the link between law and morality. Although theorists claim that natural law need not override positive law, except when the two conflict, this serves to strengthen the link between law and morality. If there is no link between law and morality, then how can conflict occur in the first place? Why does public outrage occur when an ‘unjust’ law breaks the boundaries of social tolerance? Those who claim that there is no link between law and morality utilise the naturalist claim to objective morality as their basis for criticism. Yet the term ‘universal morality’ need not apply to the universe as a whole. It is plausible, and certainly does not discredit the naturalist theory, that ‘universality’ or ‘objectivity’ remains as such despite being applied or interpreted differently between societies. Because the universal moral to preserve life may allow the sick to be killed in primitive societies to save sparse resources for the healthy, while requiring that all efforts be made to save every life possible in richer, more able societies. The moral principle – the preservation of life – still remains existent, it is simply expressed and applied differently between societies. [15] Conclusion There are various theories which discuss how law and morality should relate to each other. The current approach by the legal system seem to be that a common morality , based on traditional values should be maintained by the law as exposed by Devlin. Cases such as Shaw v Director of Public Prosecutions (1961) and Knuller v Director of Public Prosecutions ( 1972) made use of the conspiracy to corrupt moral. This had not been done since the 19th century. This was the beginning of the law to attempt to uphold society’s moral values according to Devlin’s doctrine. This approach continued as the more recent case of R v Brown (Anthony) 1992 demonstrates. The defendants had had willingly consented to various sado-masochistic practices and none of them reported it to the police. Yet they were prosecuted and their convictions were upheld by both the House of Lords and The European Court of Human rights, based on public policy to defend the morality of society. Whether or not the law should uphold the moral values of society is still debated. Those who criticise the link between law and morality often rely on the argument that no single opinion of correctness can exist,[16] yet such criticisms presuppose that such a link requires a single notion of correctness or justice. [17] It does not require such a single notion; it merely requires the recognition that legal considerations are often not enough, and that the interpretational practice which takes place is indeed a result of the link between law and morality. To ultimately deny a link between law and morality is to entirely discredit legal precedents, lengthy assessments of judge decisions, and the controversy of many difficult cases. It is also to turn away from the glaringly evident evolutions and changes which have occurred in the legal sphere – to ignore the changing of legal standards according to societal outlooks. Such evidence is difficult to ignore. Upon which other basis does the law stand if it does not reflect the moral tolerances and standards of the society which is subject to it? Bibliography R Alexy, ‘On the Thesis of a Necessary Connection between Law and Morality: Bulygin’s Critique’ (2000) 2 RJ 13, 138-147. T Aquinas, ‘Summa Theologiae’, in Selected Political Writings, JG Dawson (trans), AP D’Entreves (ed) (BB, Oxford 1970). J Bentham, Of Laws in General, HLA Hart (ed) (AP, London 1970a). J Bentham, An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, JH Burns, HLA Hart (eds) (AP, London 1970b). E Bulygin, ‘Alexy’s Thesis of the Necessary Connection between Law and Morality’ (2002) 2 RJ 13, 133-137. P Devlin, The Enforcement of Morals (OUP, New York 1996). R Dworkin, Law’s Empire (Belknap Press, Cambridge, Mass. 1986). J Finnis, Natural Law and Natural Rights (OUP, New York 1980). HLA Hart, The Concept of Law (CP, Oxford 1961). HLA Hart, The Concept of Law (2nd edn, OCP, Oxford 1994). DD Raphael, Moral Philosophy (OUP, Oxford 1994). R Wacks, Understanding Jurisprudence (OUP, Oxford 2005). ———————– [1] R Wacks, Understanding Jurisprud). ence (OUP, Oxford 2005 [2] DD Raphael, Moral Philosophy (OUP, Oxford 1994) ch. 2. [3] T Aquinas, ‘Summa Theologiae’, in Selected Political Writings, JG Dawson (trans), AP D’Entreves (ed) (BB, Oxford 1970) pt. 2, qu. 94, art. 2. [4] JJ Rousseau, The Social Contract (OUP, Oxford 1762). [5] Aristotle, Nichomachean Ethics, H Rackham (trans) (William Heineman, London 1938). [6] Corbett v Corbett (1970) 2 WLR 1306 CA per Ormrod LJ. [7] R Dworkin, Law’s Empire (Belknap Press, Cambridge, Mass. 1986) 32-34. [8] HLA Hart, The Concept of Law (2nd edn, OCP, Oxford 1994) 145-147. [9] HLA Hart, The Concept of Law (CP, Oxford 1961) 127. [10] HLA Hart, 1994, op. cit. , 146. [11] P Devlin, The Enforcement of Morals (OUP, New York 1996). [12] R Dworkin, 1986, op. cit. , 245. [13] (2000) 4 All ER 961, (2001) 1 FLR 1 CA. [14] J Finnis, Natural Law and Natural Rights (OUP, New York 1980) 33-34. [15] J Finnis, 1980, op. cit. , 34. [16] E Bulygin, ‘Alexy’s Thesis of the Necessary Connection between Law and Morality’ (2002) 2 RJ 13, 133-137. [17] R Alexy, ‘On the Thesis of a Necessary Connection between Law and Morality: Bulygin’s Critique’ (2000) 2 RJ 13, 138-147.

Short Story - 1476 Words

Alex stood in her room, her own personal prison, looking out the floor length windows that overlooked the glittering city of Dallas. Afternoon sunlight streamed into the room, turning her auburn hair gold and casting long shadows across the room. She knew she needed to get dressed, Hunter would be livid if she made them late to his own dinner but it was like she was frozen. Her back still burned from the lashing yesterday. When was this going to end? Alex asked that question a lot more these days. Hunter swung the door open, his mouth curving into a smile as he admired Alex. She was a small girl, no more than five foot. Coupled with her small waist she looked ethereal sometimes, too delicate for the world she lived in. Well, well, He†¦show more content†¦Gently she removed the clip pinning her hair, spilling her loose curls down her shoulders. She made one last stop at the vanity, dabbing powder on her already bright red cheek. Hunter was smoothing his tie into the waist jacket of his three-piece suit when Alex came back. His pitch black hair was tousled, giving his polished look a devil may care edge. He circled Alex, admiring her from every angle. His fingers brushed her welted cheek before he planted kisses down her jawline. Alex ran her fingers through the back of his hair, painting her smile on again. The pain in her back was a good reminder to play along, otherwise, hed find another method. He hands found their way to her waist, holding her flush against him as his kisses trailed down to her collarbone. A shudder ran through her body as she fought the urge to jerk away. He kneeled in front of her, holding her hands to his chest. Alex, you are the love of my life. Im enthralled by your gentle kindness. Your appreciation for the world around you, He continued on, but Alex couldnt hear him. A ringing was echoing in her ears. Her body language gave Hunter his answer, making his smile vanish. Quickly, Alex dropped to her knees in front of him and held out her hand. Well, put it on silly! She joked, trying to pull his mood back. He slipped a flawless rose gold ring inlaid with dozens of sparkling sapphires. Alexs heart hammered as heShow MoreRelatedshort story1018 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Short Stories:  Ã‚  Characteristics †¢Short  - Can usually be read in one sitting. †¢Concise:  Ã‚  Information offered in the story is relevant to the tale being told.  Ã‚  This is unlike a novel, where the story can diverge from the main plot †¢Usually tries to leave behind a  single impression  or effect.  Ã‚  Usually, though not always built around one character, place, idea, or act. †¢Because they are concise, writers depend on the reader bringing  personal experiences  and  prior knowledge  to the story. Four MajorRead MoreThe Short Stories Ideas For Writing A Short Story Essay1097 Words   |  5 Pageswriting a short story. Many a time, writers run out of these short story ideas upon exhausting their sources of short story ideas. If you are one of these writers, who have run out of short story ideas, and the deadline you have for coming up with a short story is running out, the short story writing prompts below will surely help you. Additionally, if you are being tormented by the blank Microsoft Word document staring at you because you are not able to come up with the best short story idea, youRead MoreShort Story1804 Words   |  8 PagesShort story: Definition and History. A  short story  like any other term does not have only one definition, it has many definitions, but all of them are similar in a general idea. According to The World Book Encyclopedia (1994, Vol. 12, L-354), â€Å"the short story is a short work of fiction that usually centers around a single incident. 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In the short stories â€Å"Miss Brill† and â€Å"Frau Brechenmacher attends a wedding† written by Katherine Mansfield, the themes which are relevant to real life in Miss Brill are isolation and appearance versus reality. Likewise Frau Brechenmacher suffers through isolation throughout the story and also male dominance is one of the major themes that are highlighted in the story. These themes areRead MoreShort Story and People1473 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Title: Story Of An Hour Author: Kate Chopin I. On The Elements / Literary Concepts The short story Story Of An Hour is all about the series of emotions that the protagonist, Mrs. Mallard showed to the readers. With the kind of plot of this short story, it actually refers to the moments that Mrs. Mallard knew that all this time, her husband was alive. For the symbol, I like the title of this short story because it actually symbolizes the time where Mrs. Mallard died with joy. And with thatRead MoreShort Story Essay1294 Words   |  6 PagesA short story concentrates on creating a single dynamic effect and is limited in character and situation. It is a language of maximum yet economical effect. Every word must do a job, sometimes several jobs. Short stories are filled with numerous language and sound devices. These language and sound devices create a stronger image of the scenario or the characters within the text, which contribute to the overall pre-designed effect.As it is shown in the metaphor lipstick bleeding gently in CinnamonRead MoreRacism in the Short Stor ies1837 Words   |  7 PagesOften we read stories that tell stories of mixing the grouping may not always be what is legal or what people consider moral at the time. The things that you can learn from someone who is not like you is amazing if people took the time to consider this before judging someone the world as we know it would be a completely different place. The notion to overlook someone because they are not the same race, gender, creed, religion seems to be the way of the world for a long time. Racism is so prevalentRead MoreThe Idol Short Story1728 Words   |  7 PagesThe short stories â€Å"The Idol† by Adolfo Bioy Casares and â€Å"Axolotl† by Julio Cortà ¡zar address the notion of obsession, and the resulting harm that can come from it. Like all addictions, obsession makes one feel overwhelmed, as a single thought comes to continuously intruding our mind, causing the individual to not be able to ignore these thoughts. In â€Å"Axolotl†, the narr ator is drawn upon the axolotls at the Jardin des Plantes aquarium and his fascination towards the axolotls becomes an obsession. InRead MoreGothic Short Story1447 Words   |  6 Pages The End. In the short story, â€Å"Emma Barrett,† the reader follows a search party group searching for a missing girl named Emma deep in a forest in Oregon. The story follows through first person narration by a group member named Holden. This story would be considered a gothic short story because of its use of setting, theme, symbolism, and literary devices used to portray the horror of a missing six-year-old girl. Plot is the literal chronological development of the story, the sequence of events